The microsegmentation of the autism spectrum: research project

Economic research on autism and implications for Scotland, including how the economic cost of autism can inform strategy and planning.


References

Abbeduto, L., McDuffie, A., & Thurman, A. J. (2014). The fragile X syndrome-autism comorbidity: What do we really know? Frontiers in Genetics, 16(5), 355.

Al-Farsi, Y., Al-Sharbati, M., Al-Farsi, O., Al-Shafaee, M., & Brooks, D. (2011). Brief report: Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 821-825.

Altiere, M. J., & von Kluge, S. (2009). Searching for acceptance: challenges encountered while raising a child with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34(2), 142-152.

American Psychiatric Association (1994). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition ( DSM-IV). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition ( DSM 5). Washington, DC: Author.

Anderson, R., Ukoumunne, O. C., Sayal, K., Phillips, Taylor, J. A., Spears, M., … & Stallard P. (2014). Cost effectiveness of classroom based cognitive behaviour therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in adolescents: a trial based analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(12), 1390-1397.

Ando, H., Yoshimura, I., & Wakabayashi, S. (1980). Effects of age on adaptive behavior levels and academic skill levels in autistic and mentally retarded children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 173-184.

Asperger, H. (1943). Die ‘autistichen Psychopathen’ im Kindesalter. University of Vienna Theses.

Asperger, H. (1944/1991). Die ‘autistichen Psychopathen’ im Kindesalter. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117, 76-136, in English translation in Frith, U. (Ed.). Autism and Asperger syndrome (1991, pp. 37-92). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Autism ACHIEVE Alliance (2012). Services that provide diagnostic assessment of autism spectrum disorder. http://www.autismstrategyscotland.org.uk/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=&gid=229&lang=en&task=doc_download.

Autism ACHIEVE Alliance (2014). Autism spectrum disorders: Waiting for assessment. http://www.autismstrategyscotland.org.uk/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=&gid=250&lang=en&task=doc_download.

Autism Initiatives 2013. Summary guide to employment policy, structures and initiatives in Scotland. http://www.autismnetworkscotland.org.uk/files/2013/10/Summary-Guide-to-Employment-Structures-and-Initiatives-in-Scotland-.pdf

Autistica (2016). Autism: Top 10 research priorities. Retrieved on 3 April 2017 from https://www.autistica.org.uk/research/top10/.

Bailey, D. B., Raspa, M., Olmsted, M., & Holiday, D.B. (2008). Co-occurring conditions associated with FMR1 gene variations: Findings from a national parent survey. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 146A(16), 2060-2069.

Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: The Special Needs and Autism Project ( SNAP). Lancet, 368, 210–15.

Barber, S. E., Akhtar, S., Jackson, C., Bingham, D. D., Hewitt, C., Routen, … & Wright, J. (2015). Preschoolers in the playground: A pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of a physical activity intervention for children aged 18 months to 4 years. Public Health Research, Number 3.5.

Barker, E. T., Hartley, S. L., Seltzer, M. M., Floyd, F. J., Greenberg, J. S., & Orsmond, G. I. (2011). Trajectories of emotional well-being in mothers of adolescents and adults with autism. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 551-561.

Barnevik-Olsson, M., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2010). Prevalence of autism in children of Somali origin living in Stockholm: Brief report of an at-risk population. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52, 1167-1168.

Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248–254.

Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Autism: The empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience, 1156, 68–80.

Baron-Cohen, S., Scahill, V. L., Izaguirre, J., Hornsey, H., & Robertson, M. M. (1999). The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents with autism: A large scale study. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1151-1159.

Baron-Cohen, S., Scott, F. J., Allison, C., Williams, J., & Bolton, P. (2009). Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study . The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(6), 500-509.

Barrett, B., Byford, S., Sharac, J., Hudry, K., Leadbitter, K., Temple, K., … & PACT Consortium (2012). Service and wider societal costs of very young children with autism in the UK. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 42 (5), 797-804.

Barrett, P. M., & Ollendick, T. H. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of interventions that work with children and adolescents: Prevention and treatment. Chichester: Wiley.

Barron, D. A., Molosankwe, I., Romeo, R., & Hassiotis, A. (2013). Urban adolescents with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour: Costs and characteristics during transition to adult services. Health & Social Care in the Community, 21(3), 283-292.

Baxter, A. J., Brugha, T. S., Erskine, H. E., Scheurer, R. W., Vos, T., & Scott, J. G. (2015). The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine, 45 (03), 601–613.

Beadle-Brown, J., Murphy, G, Wing, L., Gould, J., Shah, A., & Homes, N. (2002). Changes in social impairment for people with intellectual disabilities: A follow-up of the Camberwell cohort. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(3), 195-206.

Beadle-Brown, J., Murphy, G., & Wing, L. (2006). The Camberwell cohort 25 years on: Characteristics and changes in skills over time. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19, 317–329.

Beadle-Brown, J., Murphy, G., Wing, L., Gould, J., Shah, A., & Holmes, N. (2000). Changes in skills for people with intellectual disability: A follow-up of the Camberwell cohort. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 12–24.

Bebbington, A., & Beecham, J. (2007). Social services support and expenditure for children with autism. Autism, 11(1), 43-61.

Beecham, J., & Knapp, M. (2001). Costing psychiatric interventions. In G Thornicroft, (Ed.), Measuring Mental Health Needs (2nd edn). Oxford, Gaskell.

Begeer, S., El Bouk, S., Boussaid, W., Terwogt, M. M., & Koot, H. M. (2009). Underdiagnosis and referral bias of autism in ethnic minorities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 142-148.

Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (2005). Autism after adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 351-360.

Blumberg, S., Zablotsky, I., Avila, R., Colpe, L., Pringle, B., & Kogan, M. (2015). Diagnosis lost: Differences between children who had and who currently have an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. Autism. Published online before print, October 20, 2015. doi:10.1177/1362361315607724.

Bölte, S. (2014). Is autism curable? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(10), 927-931.

Bonis, S. (2016). Stress and parents of children with autism: A review of literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(3), 153-163.

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley.

Bowen, J., Gibson, F., Leslie, G., Arnold, J., Ma, P., & Starte, D. (1996). Predictive value of the Griffiths assessment in extremely low birthweight infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 32(1), 25-30.

Brett, D., Warnell, F., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R. (2016). Factors affecting age at ASD diagnosis in UK: No evidence that diagnosis age has decreased between 2004 and 2014. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(6), 1974-1984.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Brown, H. K., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., Hunter, D., Kelley, E., Cobigo, V., & Lam, M. (2011). Beyond an autism diagnosis: children's functional independence and parents' unmet needs. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(10), 1291-1302.

Brown, H. K., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., Hunter, D., Kelley, E., & Cobigo, V. (2012). Unmet needs of families of school-aged children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 25(6), 497-508.

Bristol, M. M., & Schopler, E. (1983). Stress and coping in families of autistic adolescents. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), Autism in adolescents and adults (pp. 251-278). New York: Plenum Press.

Brugha, T. S., McManus, S., Bankart, J., Scott, F., Pardon, S., Smith, J., … Meltzer, H. (2011). Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 459–466.

Buescher, A. V., Cidav, Z., Knapp, M., & Mandell, D. S. (2014). Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States. JAMA pediatrics, 168(8), 721-728.

Bursac, Z., Gauss, C.H., Williams, D.K., & Hosmer, D.W. (2008). Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code for Biology and Medicine, 3(17).

Camara, W., Nathan, J., & Puente, A. (2000). Psychological test usage: Implications in professional psychology. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 31(2), 141-154.

Cederland, M., Hagberg, B., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I.C., & Gillberg, C. (2008). Asperger syndrome and autism: A comparative longitudinal follow-up study more than 5 years after original diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(1), 72-85.

Chakrabarti, S. S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: Confirmation of high prevalence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(5), 1133-1141.

Charman, T., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2011). IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the Special Needs and Autism Project ( SNAP). Psychological Medicine, 41(3), 619-627.

Chiang, H.M., Tsai, L.Y., Cheung, Y.K., Brown, A., & Li, H. (2014). A meta-analysis of difference in IQ profiles between individuals with Asperger’s disorder and high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1577-96.

CIPFA (2009). Education statistics 2007-08 actuals. Part 2. London: The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountacy.

Clifford, J., & Thobald, C. (2012). Summary of findings: Extension of the 2011 cost comparison methodology to a wider sample. York: National Association of Independent Schools and Non-Maintained Special Schools & Baker Tilly.

Clifford, J. (2011). National Association of Independent Schools and Non-Maintained Special Schools. Comparative cost review of non-maintained and independent special schools with local authority maintained special schools. York: National Association of Independent Schools and Non-Maintained Special Schools & Baker Tilly.

Cognisant Research (2012). National Childminding Association 2012 members survey. Midsomer Norton: Cognisant Research.

Cooper, S.A., Morrison, J., Allan, L.M., McConnachie, A., Greenlaw, N., Melville, C., … Fenwick, E. (2014). Practice nurse health checks for adults with intellectual disabilities: A cluster-design, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 511-521.

Couturier, J., Speechley, K., Steele, M., Norman, R., Stringer, B., & Nicolson, R. (2005). Parental perception of sleep problems in children of normal intelligence with pervasive developmental disorders: Prevalence, severity, and pattern. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(8), 815-822.

Cuccaro, M. L., Nations, L., Brinkley, J., Abramson, R. K., Wright, H. H., Hall, A., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. ( (2007). A comparison of repetitive behaviours in Asperger’s disorder and high functioning autism. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37(4), 347-360.

Curtis L. (2013). Unit costs of health & social care 2013. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit.

Curtis L. (2014). Unit costs of health & social care 2014. Canterbury: Personal Social Services Research Unit.

Davies, H. T. O., Nutley, S. M., & Smith, P. (2000). What works? Evidence-based policy and practice in public services. Bristol: The Policy Press.

Dawson, M., Souliéres, I., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Mottron, L. (2007). The level and nature of autistic intelligence. Psychological Science, 18(8), 657-662.

De-la-Iglesia, M., & Olivar, J. S. (2015). Risk factors for depression in children and adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. Scientific World Journal. Article ID 127853. doi: 10.1155/2015/127853.

DeMyer, M. K. (1979). Parents and children in autism. Washington, DC: V. H. Winston & Sons.

DeMyer, M. K., & Goldberg, P. (1983). Family needs of the autistic adolescent. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), Autism in adolescents and adults (pp. 225-250). New York: Plenum Press.

DeMyer, M. K., Barton, S., DeMyer, W. E., Norton, J. A., Allen, J., & Steele, R. (1973). Prognosis in autism: A follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Child Schizophrenia, 3, 199-246.

DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7(3), 177-188.

Department of Health (2010). Healthcare for single homeless people. London: Author.

Department of Health (2014). NHS reference costs 2013-14. London: Author.

Dillenburger, K., Jordan, J., McKerr, L., & Keenan, M. (2015). The Millennium child with autism: Early childhood trajectories for health, education and economic wellbeing. Developmental Rehabilitation, 18(1), 37-46.

Education Endowment Foundation (2015). Small group tuition. Retrieved on 1 June 2015 from https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/toolkit/toolkit-a-z/small-group-tuition/.

Ehlers, S., & Gillberg, C. (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger Syndrome: A total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(8), 1327-50.

Ellefsen, A., Kampmann, H., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, I. C., & Gillberg, C. (2007). Autism in the Faroe Islands: An epidemiological study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(3), 437-444.

Elliott, C. D. (1997). The Differential Ability Scales. In D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genshaft & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment theories, tests, issues (pp. 183-208). New York: Guilford Press.

Engström, I., Ekström, L., & Emilsson, B. (2003). Psychosocial functioning in a group of Swedish adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Autism, 7(1), 99-110.

Fein, D., Barton, M., Eigsti, I. M., Kelley, E., Maigles, L., Schultz, R. T., … Tyson, K. (2013). Optimal outcome in individuals with a history of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 195-205.

Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: Its definition and measurement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 51-74.

Flensborg-Madsen, T., & Mortensen, E. L. (2015). Infant developmental milestones and adult intelligence: A 34-year follow-up. Early Human Development, 91(7), 393-400.

Fombonne, E. (2009). Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Research, 65(6), 591-598.

Frith, U. (Ed.). (1991). Autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gadow, K. D., Devincent, C. J., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A. (2005). Comparison of DSM-IV symptoms in elementary school-age children with PDD versus clinic and community samples. Autism, 9, 392-415.

Gates, J.A, Kang, E., & Lerner, M.D. (2017). Efficacy of group social skills interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 164–181.

Gavin, J. H., & Mason, R. O. (2004). The virtuous organisation: The value of happiness in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 379-392.

Gelbar, N. W., Shefyck, A., & Reichow, B. (2015). A comprehensive survey of current and former college students with autism spectrum disorders. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 88(1), 45-68.

Gillberg, C. (1990). Outcome in autism and autistic-like conditions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 375-382.

Gillberg, C. (2002). A guide to Asperger’s Syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gillberg, C., & Steffenburg, S. (1987). Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and similar conditions: A population-based study of 46 cases followed through puberty. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17(2) , 272-288.

Gillot, A., Furniss, F., & Walter, A. (2001). Anxiety in high-functioning children with autism. Autism, 5(3), 277-286.

Gillott, A., & Standen, P. J. (2007). Levels of anxiety and sources of stress in adults with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 11(4), 359-370.

Gortmaker, S., Swinburn, D., Carter, R., Mabry, P., Finegood, D., Huang, T., … Moodie, M. (2011). Changing the future of obesity: Science, policy, and action. Lancet, 378, 838-847.

Gotham, K, Unruh, K., & Lord, C. (2015). Depression and its measurement in verbal adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 19(4), 491-504.

Green, J., Charman, T., McConachie, H., Aldred, C., Slonims, V., Howlin, P., … Pickles, A. (2010). Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment in children with autism ( PACT): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 375, 2152-2160.

Green, L., Gilchrist, A., Burton, D., & Cox, A. (2000). Social and psychiatric functioning in adolescents with Asperger Syndrome compared with conduct disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(4), 279-293.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, (7th edn). London: Pearson.

Harrington, C., & Kang, T. (2008). Disparities in service utilization and expenditures for individuals with developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 1(4), 184-195.

Harrison, M. J., O’Hare, A. E., Campbell, H., Adamson, A., & McNeillage, J. (2006). Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in Lothian, Scotland: An estimate using the ‘capture-recapture’ technique. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 91, 16-19.

Hill, E. L., Jones, A. P., Lang, J., Yarker, J., & Patterson, A. (2014). Employment experiences of parents of children with ASD or ADHD: an exploratory study. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 61(3), 166-176.

Hodgetts, S., McConnell, D., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Nicholas, D. (2017). The impact of autism services on mothers' psychological wellbeing. Child Care Health and Development, 43(1), 18-30.

HM Treasury (2011). The Green Book: Appraisal and evaluation in central government. London: The Stationery Office.

Hoefman, R., Payakachat, N., van Exel, J., Kuhlthau, K., Kovacs, E., Pyne, J., & Tilford, J. M. (2014). Caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder and parents’ quality of life: Application of the CarerQol. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1933-1945.

Hoekstra, R. A., Happé, F., Baron-Cohen, S., & Ronald, A. (2009). Association between extreme autistic traits and intellectual disability: Insights from a general population twin study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(6), 531-536

Holroyd, J., & McArthur, D. (1976). Mental retardation and stress on the parents: A contrast between Down's syndrome and childhood autism. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80(4), 431-436.

Honda, H., Shimizu, Y., Imai, M., & Nitto, Y. (2005). Cumulative incidence of childhood autism: A total population study of better accuracy and precision. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47(1), 10-18.

Howlin, P. (2000). Outcome in adult life for more able individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 4, 63-83.

Howlin, P., & Asgharian, A. (1999). The diagnosis of autism and Asperger’s Syndrome: Findings from a survey of 770 families. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41(12), 834-839.

Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Adult outcome for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 212-229.

Howlin, P., Mawhood, L., & Rutter, M. (2000). Autism and developmental receptive language disorder – a follow-up comparison in early adult life. II. Social, behavioural, and psychiatric outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 561-578.

Hunt, E. (2011). Human intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Idring, S., Rai, D., Dal, H., Dalman, C., Sturm, H., Zander, E., … Magnussen, C. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders in the Stockholm Youth Cohort: Design, prevalence and validity. PLoS ONE, 7(7), ArtID e41280.

Iemmi, V., Knapp, M., & Ragan, I. (2017). The autism dividend: Reaping the rewards of better investment. National Autism Project. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.

Järbrink, K., & Knapp, M. (2001). The economic impact of autism in Britain. Autism, 5(1), 7-22.

Jones, H. E., & Bayley, N. (1941). The Berkeley growth study. Child Development, 12(2), 167-173.

Jordan, R., & Jones, G. (1996). Educational provision for children with autism in Scotland. Report to the Scottish Office Education and Industry Department. Birmingham: The University of Birmingham.

Kadesjo, B., Gillberg, C., & Hagberg, B. (1999). Brief report: Autism and Asperger syndrome in seven-year-old children: A total population study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 327–331.

Kang, T., & Harrington, C. (2008). Variation in types of service use and expenditures for individuals with developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 1 (1), 30–41.

Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.

Kanner, L. (1971). Follow-up study of eleven autistic children originally reported in 1943. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1(2),119-45.

Keen, D., & Ward, S. (2004). Autistic spectrum disorder: A child population profile. Autism, 8, 39-48

Kelley, G.A., & Kelley, K.S. (2012). Statistical models for meta-analysis: A brief tutorial. World Journal of Methodology, 2(4), 27-32.

Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P.G., & Fitzgerald, P.B. (2013). A review of the role of female gender in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2584–2603.

Kim, Y., Leventhal, B., Koh, Y., Fombonne, E., Laska, E., Lim, E., Cheon, K., ... Grinker, R. (2011). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 904-912.

King, C., & Murphy, G. H. (2014) A systematic review of people with autism spectrum disorder and the Criminal Justice System. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44 (11), 2717-2733.

Klin, A., Volkmar, F., & Sparrow, S. (2000). Asperger Syndrome. London: The Guilford Press.

Knapp, M., & Buescher, A. (2014). Economic aspects of autism. In: Volkmar F. R., Paul R., Rogers, S. J., & Pelphrey, K . Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1089–1106.

Knapp, M., Patel, A., Curran, C., Latimer, E., Catty, J., Becker, T., Drake, R. E., Fioritti, A., Kilian, R., Lauber, C., Rössler, W., Tomov, T., van Busschbach, J., Comas-Herrera, A., White, S., Wiersma, D., & Burns, T. (2013). Supported employment: Cost‐effectiveness across six european sites. World Psychiatry, 12 (1), 60–68.

Knapp, M., Romeo R., & Beecham, J. (2007). The economic consequences of autism in the UK. London, Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities.

Knapp, M., Romeo, R., & Beecham, J. (2009). Economic cost of autism in the UK. Autism, 13(3), 317–336.

Knapp, M., Snell, T., Healey, A., Guglani, S., Evans‐Lacko, S., Fernandez, J. L., Meltzer, H., & Ford, T. (2014). How do child and adolescent mental health problems influence public sector costs? Interindividual variations in a nationally representative British sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56 (6), 667–676.

Knott, F., Lewis, C., & Williams, T. (1995). Sibling interaction of children with learning disabilities: A comparison of autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 965-976.

Kočovská, E., Biskupsto, R., Gillberg, C. I., Ellefsen, A., Kampmann, H., Stora, T., … Gillberg, C. (2012). The rising prevalence of autism: A prospective longitudinal study in the Faroe Islands. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1959–1966.

Kohane, I. S., McMurry, A., Weber, G., MacFadden, D., Rappaport, L., Kunkel, L., … Churchill, S. (2012). The Co-Morbidity Burden of Children and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS ONE 7(4), e33224.

Krakowiak, P., Goodlin-Jones, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Croen, L., & Hansen, R. (2008). Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: A population-based study. Journal of Sleep Research, 17(2), 197-206.

Kuhlthau, K., Payakachat, N., Delahaye, J., Hurson, J., Pyne, J. M., Kovacs, E., & Tilford, J. M. (2014). Quality of life for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8 (10), 1339–1350.

Kumar, S. (2013). Examining the characteristics of visuospatial information processing in individuals with high-functioning autism. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 86(2), 147-156.

Lai, W. W., Goh, T. J., Oei, T. P., & Sung, M. (2015). Coping and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders ( ASD). Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2582-2593.

Lai, M.C., Lombardo, M.V., Pasco, G., Ruigrok, A.N., Wheelwright, S.J., Sadek, S.A., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. Plos One, 6(6), 1–10.

Lainhart, J. E. (1999). Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings. International Review of Psychiatry, 11, 278-98.

Lake, J., Perry, A., & Lunsky, Y. (2014). Mental health services for individuals with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research and Treatment, 2014. Article ID 502420.

Lecavalier, L. (2006). Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: Relative prevalence, effects of subjective characteristics, and empirical classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1101-1114.

Leyfer, O., Folstein, S., Bacalman, S., Davis, N., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., … Lainhart, J. (2006). Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(7) , 849-861.

Lindsay, G., Ricketts, J., Peacey, L.V., Dockrell, J.E., & Charman, T. (2016). Meeting the educational and social needs of children with language impairment or autism spectrum disorder: the parents' perspectives. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 51(5):495-507. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.

Liu, S., Cui, J., Niu, Z., Yi, M., Zhang, X., Che, F., & Ma, X. (2015). Do obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome share a common susceptibility gene? An association study of the DBNF Val66Met polymorphism in the Chinese Han population. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 16(8), 602-609.

Lockyer, L., & Rutter, M. (1969). A five to fifteen-year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. III. Psychological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 865–882.

Lockyer, L., & Rutter, M. (1970). A five-to-fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: IV. Patterns of cognitive ability. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 152–163.

Lotter, V. (1967). The prevalence of the autistic syndrome in children. London: University of London Press.

Lotter, V. (1974). Social adjustment and placement of autistic children in Middlesex: A follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 4, 11–32.

Lotter, V. (1978). Follow-up studies. In M. Rutter, & E. Schopler (Eds.), Autism. A reappraisal of concepts and treatment.(pp. 475-495). New York: Plenum Press.

Macintosh, K., & Dissanayakate, C. (2006). A comparative study of the spontaneous social interactions of children with high functioning autism and children with Asperger’s disorder. Autism, 10(2), 199-220.

Macintosh, K.E., & Dissanayake, C. (2004). Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder: A review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(3), 421-434.

MacKay, T., Boyle, J., Knapp, M., & Connolly, M. (2013). A multi-strand investigation of microsegmentation of the autism spectrum to enhance data on the economic costs and benefits of provision. Good Autism Practice, 14, Supplement 1, 101-106.

MacKay, T.A.W.N. (1989). Special education: The post-Warnock role for the educational psychologist. BPS Scottish Division of Educational and Child Psychology, Newsletter 1, 1-8.

MacKay, T.A.W.N. (1999). Quality assurance in education authority psychological services: Self-evaluation using performance indicators. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Education Department.

Mandell, D. S., Lawer, L.J., Branch, K., Brodkin, E. S., Healey, K., Witalec, R., … Gur, R. E. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of autism in a state psychiatric hospital. Autism, 16(6), 557–567.

Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L. D., Carpenter, L. A., Daniels, J., DiGuiseppi, C., Giarelli, E., Morrier, M. J., Nicholas, J. S., Pinto-Martin, J.A., Shattuck, P. T., Thomas, K. C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., & Kirby, R. S. (2009). Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 99 (3), 493–498.

Manning, W. G., & Mullahy, J. (2001). Estimating log models: To transform or not to transform? Journal of Health Economics, 20 (4), 461–494.

Mason, A., Banerjee, S., Eapen, V., Zeitlin, H., & Robertson, M. M. (1998). The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in a mainstream school population. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40, 292-296.

Matson, J. L., & Horovitz, M. (2010). Stability of autism spectrum disorders symptoms over time. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22, 331–342.

Mattila, M. L., Kielinen, M., Linna, S. L., Jussila, K., & Ebeling, H. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV-TR and comparison with DSM-5 draft criteria: An epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(6), 583–592.

Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Cheema, N., Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Pilling, S. (2014). The cost-effectiveness of supported employment for adults with autism in the United Kingdom. Autism, 18, 975-984.

May, T., Cornish, K., & Rinehart, N. (2014) Does gender matter? A one-year follow-up of autistic, attention and anxiety symptoms in high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1077–1086.

McConachie, H., & Robinson, G. (2006). What services do young children with autism spectrum disorder receive? Child Care Health and Development, 32(5), 553-557.

McGrew, J. H., & Keyes, M. L. (2014). Caregiver stress during the first year after diagnosis of an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8 (10), 1373–1385.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (second ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harkness, A. R., & Silva, P. A. (1993). The natural history of change in intellectual performance: who changes? How much? Is it meaningful? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(4), 455-506.

Morton, J., & Frith, U. (1995). Causal modelling: A structural approach to developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D.J. Cohen (Eds.) Wiley series on personality processes. Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 357-390). Oxford: John Wiley.

Mouridsen, S. E., Rich, B., & Isager, T. (2011). A longitudinal study of epilepsy and other central nervous system diseases in individuals with and without a history of infantile autism. Brain and Development, 33(5), 361-366.

Mukaddes, N.M., Herguner, S., & Tanidir, C. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in individuals with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder: similarities and differences. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11(8), 964-971.

National Audit Office (2009). Supporting people with autism through adulthood. London: NAO.

National Autistic Society (2009). Don’t write me off. Make the system fair people with autism. London, Author.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2013). Autism: The management and support of children and young people on the autism spectrum. NICE Clinical Guideline 170. London: Author.

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2012). Autism: Recognition, referral, diagnosis and management of adults on the autism spectrum. NICE Clinical Guideline 142. London: Author.

Nayate, A., Tonge, B.J, Bradshaw, J.L., Mcginley, J.L., Iansek, R., & Rinehart, N.J. (2012). Differentiation of high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder based on neuromotor behaviour. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(5), 707-717.

Neil-Maclachlan, J., & Members of Group 3 (2013). A strategic approach to developing a ‘menu of interventions’ for people on the autism spectrum and their families. Good Autism Practice, 14, Supplement 1, 28-36.

Newson, E., Le Maréchal, K., & David, C. (2003). Pathological demand avoidance syndrome: a necessary distinction within the pervasive developmental disorders. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 88(7), 595-600.

Nordin, V., & Gillberg, C. (1998). The long-term course of autistic disorders: Update on follow-up studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 99-108.

Nygren, G., Cederlund, M., Sandberg, E., Gillstedt, F., Arvidsson, T., Gillberg, I. C., … Gillberg, C. (2011). The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in toddlers: A population study of 2-year-old Swedish children . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1491–1497.

OECD (2014). Mental health and work: United Kingdom. Paris: OECD Publishing.

Oliveira, G., Ataíde, A., Marques, C., Miguel, T. S., & Coutinho, A. M., (2007). Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49(10), 726–733.

ONS (2014). Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 2013 Revised Results. London, Office for National Statistics. Available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ashe/annual-survey-of-hours-and-earnings/2013-revised-results/index.html (Accessed 24 April 2017).

ONS (2015a). Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2014. London, Office for National Statistics. Available at http://ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-368259 (Accessed 1 July 2015).

ONS (2015b). Labour Force Survey dataset, 2014. London, Office for National Statistics. Available at http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-396521 (Accessed 1 July 2015).

ONS (2017). Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. London, Office for National Statistics. Available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland

Orsmond, G. I., & Seltzer, M. M. (2007). Siblings of individuals with autism or Down syndrome: Effects on adult lives. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 682–696.

Oswald, A.J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2015). Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics, 33(4), 789-822.

Ozonoff, S., Rogers, S.J., & Pennington, B.F. (1991). Asperger's syndrome: Evidence of an empirical distinction from high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32(7), 1107-1122.

Partridge, N., & Scadding, J. (2004). The James Lind Alliance: Patients and clinicians should jointly identify their priorities for clinical trials. Lancet, 364(9449), 1923-24.

Patel, A., Knapp, M., Henderson, J., & Baldwin, D. (2002). The economic consequences of social phobia. Journal of affective disorders, 68 (2), 221–233.

Pellicano, E., Dinsmore, A., & Charman, T. (2013). A future made together: Shaping autism research in the UK. London: Institute of Education.

Pellicano, E., Dinsmore, A., & Charman, T. (2014). What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the UK. Autism, 18, 756-770.

Petalas, M., Hastings, R., Nash, S., Reilly, D., & Dowey (2012). The perceptions and experiences of adolescent siblings who have a brother with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 37(4), 303-314.

Petrou, S., Johnson, S., Wolke, D., Hollis, C., Kochhar, P., & Marlow, N. (2010). Economic costs and preference-based health-related quality of life outcomes associated with childhood psychiatric disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197 (5), 395–404.

Pickles, A., Le Couteur, A., Leadbitter, K., Salomone, E., Cole-Fletcher, R., Tobin, H., … Aldred, C. (2016). Parent-mediated social communication therapy for young children with autism ( PACT): Long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 388(10059), 2501-2509.

Prior, M., Eisenmajer, R., Leekam, S., Wing, L., Gould, J., Ong, B., & Dowe, D. (1998). Are there subtle subgroups within the autistic spectrum? A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 893-902.

Public Health Institute of Scotland (2001). Autistic spectrum disorders: Needs assessment report (The PHIS Report). Glasgow: PHIS/ NHS Scotland.

Raven, J., Raven, J.C., & J.H. Court (1998). Manual for Raven’s Progresssive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 1: General. Oxford: Oxford Psychologists Press.

Raven, J.C. (1966). Psychological principles appropriate to social and clinical problems. London: H.K. Lewis.

Renty, J., & Roeyers, H. (2007). Individual and marital adaptation in men with autism spectrum disorder and their spouses: the role of social support and coping strategies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(7), 1247-1255.

Reynolds, S. (2000). The anatomy of evidence-based practice: Principles and methods. In L. Trinder & S. Reynolds (eds), Evidence-based practice: A critical approach (pp.17-34) . Oxford: Blackwell Science.

Rodrigue, J. R., Geftken, G. R., & Morgan, S. B. (1993). Perceived competence and behavioral adjustment of siblings of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 665-674.

Romeo, R., Knapp, M., Morrison, J., Melville, C., Allan, L., Finlayson, J., Cooper, S.A. (2009). Cost estimation of a health-check intervention for adults with intellectual disabilities in the UK. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 426-439.

Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P. T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M., & Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy for Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 931-939.

Rutter, M., Greenfeld, D., & Lockyer, L. (1967). A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. II. Social and behavioural outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1183-1189.

Safe, A., Joosten, A., & Molineux, M. (2012). The experiences of mothers of children with autism: Managing multiple roles. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 37(4), 294-302.

Sanders, J. L., & Morgan, S.B. (1997). Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children and autism or Down syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 19(4):15–32.

Scottish Executive (2002). Review of provision of educational psychology services in Scotland. The Currie Report. Edinburgh: Author.

Scottish Executive (2004). Autism services for people with autistic spectrum disorders: Statistical report. Edinburgh: Social Work Statistics Branch.

Scottish Government (2008). The early years framework. Edinburgh: Author.

Scottish Government (2011). The Scottish strategy for autism. Edinburgh: Author.

Scottish Government (2013). The Scottish strategy for autism: Menu of interventons. Edinburgh: Author.

Scottish Government (2015). Scottish strategy for autism: Oucomes approach. Priorities 2015-2017. U413962. Edinburgh: Author.

Scottish Government (2016). A fairer Scotland for disabled people. Edinburgh: Author.

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2007). Assessment, diagnosis and clinical interventions for children and young people with autism spectrum disorders ( SIGN Guideline 98). Edinburgh: Author.

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2016). Assessment, diagnosis and interventions for autism spectrum disorders ( SIGN Guideline 145). Edinburgh: Author.

Seltzer, M. M., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G. I., & Vestal, C. (2000). Families of adolescents and adults with autism: Uncharted territory. In L. M. Glidden (Ed.), International review of research on mental retardation (Vol. 23, pp. 267-294). San Diego, CA; Academic Press.

Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Abbeduto, L., & Greenberg, J. S. (2004). Trajectory of development in adolescents and adults with autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 10, 234–247.

Sharpe, D. (2015). Your chi-square test is statistically significant: Now what? Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 20(8), 1-10.

Shavelle, R. M., & Strauss, D. (1998). Comparative mortality of persons with autism in California, 1989-1996. Journal of Insurance Medicine-New York, 30 (4), 220–225.

Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921-929

Smalley, S. L. (1998). Autism and tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 28(5), 407-414.

Smith, K. R., & Matson, J. L. (2010). Psychopathology: differences among adults with intellectually disabled, comorbid autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(3), 743-749.

Smith, L. E., Seltzer, M. M., Tager-Flusberg, H., Greenberg, J. S., & Carter, A. S. (2008). A comparative analysis of well-being and coping among mothers of toddlers and mothers of adolescents with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), 876-889.

Sponheim, E., & Skjeldal, O. (1998). Autism and related disorders: Epidemiological findings in a Norwegian study using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(3) , 217-227.

Steinhausen, H.C., Mohr Jensen, C., & Lauritsen, M.B. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133(6), 445-452.

Stewart, M. E., Barnard, L., Pearson, J., Hasan, R., & O’Brien, G. (2006). Presentation of depression in autism and Asperger syndrome: A review. Autism, 10(1), 103-116.

Strang, J., Kenworthy, L., Dominska, A., Sokoloff, J., Kenealy, L., Berl, M., … Wallace, G. (2014). Increased gender variance in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 43(8), 1525-1533.

Stuttard, L., Beresford, B., Clarke, S., Beecham, J., & Curtis, J.(2015). A preliminary investigation into the effectiveness of a group-delivered sleep management intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 19, 342-55.

Stuttard, L., Beresford, B., Clarke, S., Beecham, J., & Morris, A. (2016). An evaluation of the Cygnet parenting support programme for parents of children with autism spectrum conditions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 166-178.

Stuttard, L., Beresford, B., Clarke, S., Beecham, J., & Curtis, J. (2015). A preliminary investigation into the effectiveness of a group-delivered sleep management intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 19, 342-55.

Sun, X., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Matthews, F. E., Baron-Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2013). Service provision for autism in mainland China: preliminary mapping of service pathways. Social Science and Medicine, 98, 87-94.

Synergies Economic Consulting (2011). Economic Costs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Australia. Sydney, Synergies Economic Consulting.

Szatmari, P., Bartolucci, G., & Bremner, R. (1989). Asperger’s syndrome and autism: Comparison of early history and outcome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 16, 515-517.

Tanner, E., Day, N., Tennant, R., Turczuk, O., Ireson, J., Rushforth, K., & Smith, K. (2009). Private Tuition in England. London, Department for Children, Schools and Families.

Taylor, J. L., Dove, D., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J., Sathe, N., McPheeters, M., Jerome, R., & Warren, Z. (2012). Interventions for adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Effective Health Care Program Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 65. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Thede, L.L., & Coolidge, F.L. (2007). Psychological and neurobehavioural comparisons of children with Asperger’s disorder versus hig-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 847-54.

Tsai, H.-W. J., Cebula, K., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2016). Influences on the psychosocial adjustment of siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder in Taiwan and the United Kingdom. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 32, 115-129.

van Heijst, B. F., & Geurts, H. M. (2015). Quality of life in autism across the lifespan: A meta-analysis. Autism, 19 (2), 158–167.

van Steensel, F. J. A., Dirksen, C. D & Bögels, S. M. (2013). A cost of illness study of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders as compared to clinically anxious and typically developing children. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43 (12): 2878–2890.

van Steensel, F.J.A., Bogels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(3), 302-17.

Viechtbauer, W., & Cheung, M. W. (2010). Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 112-125.

Warren, Z., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J., Stone, W., Bruzek, J., Nahmias, A., Foss-Feig, J., … McPheeters (2011). Therapies for children with autism spectrum disorders. Effective Health Care Program Comparative Effectiveness Review Number 26. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(3), 216-29.

Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1) , 11-29.

Wing, L. (1981). Asperger’s Syndrome: A clinical account . Psychological Medicine, 11, 115-130.

World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: Author.

World Health Organization (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: Author.

World Health Organization (2001). Strengthening mental health promotion. (Fact sheet, No. 220). Geneva: Author.

World Health Organization (2016). ICD-11 Beta Draft. Retrieved 15 August 2016 from http://id.who.int/icd/entity/437815624.

Contact

Back to top