Publication - Research and analysis
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015: highlights from Scotland's results: collaborative problem solving
The results of the PISA 2015 assessment of collaborative problem solving, showing Scotland’s results and those of other participating states.
Annex: Detailed results
Collaborative Problem Solving
Note for all tables
1. “s.e.” = “standard error”, “s.d.” = standard deviation
2. For all references to Malaysia, the OECD consider that the coverage is too small to ensure comparability. See Annex A4 of Volume I of the OECD report for further details.
Table A.1a: Mean scores in collaborative problem solving, by gender, and comparison with Scotland: OECD and UK administrations
| Overall | Scores by gender | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean score | S.D. | Male | Female | |||||
| mean | s.e. | s.d. | s.e. | mean | s.e. | mean | s.e. | |
| Significantly above Scotland | ||||||||
| Australia | 531 | (1.9) | 107 | (1.3) | 511 | (2.5) | 552 | (2.5) |
| Canada | 535 | (2.3) | 104 | (1.0) | 516 | (2.8) | 555 | (2.4) |
| England | 521 | (3.1) | 104 | (1.3) | 504 | (3.7) | 539 | (3.8) |
| Estonia | 535 | (2.5) | 90 | (1.3) | 522 | (2.9) | 549 | (2.7) |
| Finland | 534 | (2.6) | 101 | (1.5) | 511 | (3.2) | 559 | (3.0) |
| Germany | 525 | (2.8) | 101 | (1.5) | 510 | (3.4) | 540 | (3.0) |
| Japan | 552 | (2.7) | 85 | (1.8) | 539 | (3.6) | 565 | (2.6) |
| Korea | 538 | (2.5) | 84 | (1.5) | 522 | (3.5) | 556 | (3.3) |
| New Zealand | 533 | (2.4) | 106 | (1.7) | 513 | (3.2) | 553 | (3.0) |
| |
Similar to Scotland | |||||||
| Austria | 509 | (2.6) | 98 | (1.5) | 498 | (3.4) | 521 | (3.4) |
| Denmark | 520 | (2.5) | 90 | (1.2) | 509 | (2.9) | 530 | (3.3) |
| Netherlands | 518 | (2.4) | 97 | (1.5) | 504 | (3.0) | 531 | (2.8) |
| Northern Ireland | 514 | (3.7) | 88 | (1.9) | 500 | (4.2 | 528 | (4.8) |
| Scotland | 513 | (2.5) | 99 | (1.7) | 497 | (3.4) | 530 | (3.0) |
| Sweden | 510 | (3.4) | 98 | (1.8) | 489 | (4.0) | 531 | (3.8) |
| United Kingdom | 519 | (2.7) | 103 | (1.1) | 503 | (3.1) | 536 | (3.3) |
| United States | 520 | (3.6) | 108 | (1.7) | 507 | (4.4) | 533 | (4.0) |
| |
Significantly below Scotland | |||||||
| Belgium | 501 | (2.4) | 99 | (1.4) | 489 | (3.0) | 514 | (2.9) |
| Chile | 457 | (2.7) | 84 | (1.3) | 450 | (3.1) | 464 | (3.1) |
| Czech Republic | 499 | (2.2) | 91 | (1.4) | 486 | (2.9) | 512 | (2.7) |
| France | 494 | (2.4) | 100 | (1.5) | 480 | (3.4) | 508 | (2.8) |
| Greece | 459 | (3.6) | 92 | (1.6) | 444 | (4.2) | 475 | (3.7) |
| Hungary | 472 | (2.4) | 95 | (1.6) | 459 | (3.3) | 485 | (2.8) |
| Iceland | 499 | (2.3) | 94 | (1.9) | 485 | (3.0) | 512 | (2.6) |
| Israel | 469 | (3.6) | 105 | (1.8) | 459 | (4.3) | 481 | (4.7) |
| Italy | 478 | (2.5) | 96 | (1.6) | 466 | (3.4) | 489 | (3.4) |
| Latvia | 485 | (2.3) | 90 | (1.3) | 465 | (2.6) | 505 | (2.9) |
| Luxembourg | 491 | (1.5) | 100 | (1.0) | 478 | (2.5) | 504 | (1.9) |
| Mexico | 433 | (2.5) | 79 | (1.5) | 426 | (2.9) | 440 | (2.7) |
| Norway | 502 | (2.5) | 94 | (1.6) | 487 | (3.0) | 518 | (3.2) |
| OECD average | 500 | (0.5) | 95 | (0.3) | 486 | (0.6) | 515 | (0.5) |
| Portugal | 498 | (2.6) | 91 | (1.3) | 489 | (3.2) | 507 | (2.7) |
| Slovak Republic | 463 | (2.4) | 93 | (1.5) | 448 | (2.8) | 478 | (3.4) |
| Slovenia | 502 | (1.8) | 93 | (1.3) | 484 | (2.2) | 521 | (2.2) |
| Spain | 496 | (2.1) | 88 | (1.1) | 485 | (2.7) | 508 | (2.6) |
| Turkey | 422 | (3.4) | 78 | (1.6) | 411 | (4.0) | 434 | (4.1) |
| Wales | 496 | (3.5) | 89 | (1.5) | 485 | (3.8) | 508 | (4.0) |
Note
Countries are grouped by their position relative to Scotland when comparing the overall mean score
Table A.1b: Mean scores in collaborative problem solving, by gender, and comparison with Scotland: non- OECD countries and economies
| |
Overall | Scores by gender | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean score | S.D. | Male | Female | |||||
| mean | s.e. | s.d. | s.e. | mean | s.e | mean | s.e | |
| Significantly above Scotland | ||||||||
| Chinese Taipei | 527 | (2.5) | 90 | (1.5) | 513 | (3.4) | 541 | (3.4) |
| Hong Kong (China) | 541 | (2.9) | 90 | (1.6) | 523 | (3.7) | 559 | (3.4) |
| Macao (China) | 534 | (1.2) | 90 | (1.1) | 515 | (1.9) | 553 | (2.0) |
| Singapore | 561 | (1.2) | 97 | (1.2) | 552 | (1.7) | 572 | (2.1) |
| |
Significantly below Scotland | |||||||
| Brazil | 412 | (2.3) | 87 | (1.3) | 402 | (2.5) | 421 | (2.6) |
| B-S-J-G (China) | 496 | (4.0) | 97 | (2.1) | 486 | (3.9) | 508 | (4.6) |
| Bulgaria | 444 | (3.9) | 98 | (1.7) | 429 | (4.6) | 461 | (3.9) |
| Colombia | 429 | (2.3) | 83 | (1.4) | 425 | (2.9) | 433 | (2.7) |
| Costa Rica | 441 | (2.4) | 78 | (1.3) | 437 | (2.8) | 445 | (2.7) |
| Croatia | 473 | (2.5) | 87 | (1.5) | 459 | (3.3) | 486 | (2.6) |
| Cyprus | 444 | (1.7) | 91 | (1.3) | 424 | (2.0) | 464 | (2.2) |
| Lithuania | 467 | (2.5) | 91 | (1.4) | 453 | (2.9) | 482 | (2.8) |
| Malaysia | 440 | (3.3) | 80 | (1.7) | 429 | (3.6) | 450 | (3.4) |
| Montenegro | 416 | (1.3) | 79 | (1.2) | 403 | (1.8) | 429 | (2.0) |
| Peru | 418 | (2.5) | 83 | (1.6) | 414 | (2.8) | 421 | (3.0) |
| Russian Federation | 473 | (3.4) | 92 | (1.4) | 460 | (3.8) | 486 | (3.9) |
| Thailand | 436 | (3.5) | 83 | (1.7) | 416 | (4.1) | 451 | (3.6) |
| Tunisia | 382 | (1.9) | 59 | (1.4) | 375 | (2.3) | 387 | (2.3) |
| United Arab Emirates | 435 | (2.4) | 95 | (1.0) | 416 | (2.9) | 454 | (3.1) |
| Uruguay | 443 | (2.3) | 91 | (1.3) | 434 | (3.3) | 451 | (2.7) |
Note
Countries are grouped by their position relative to Scotland when comparing the overall mean score
Table A.2: Estimates of proportion at each proficiency level (per cent), collaborative problem solving: OECD and UK administrations (Below Level 1 to Level 4)
| |
Below Level 1 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | s.e. | % | s.e. | % | s.e. | % | s.e. | % | s.e | |
| Australia | 4.3 | (0.3) | 15.6 | (0.6) | 31.2 | (0.6) | 33.6 | (0.8) | 15.3 | (0.7) |
| Austria | 4.5 | (0.4) | 20.2 | (0.9) | 35.8 | (1.0) | 30.4 | (1.0) | 9.1 | (0.7) |
| Belgium | 5.7 | (0.5) | 21.1 | (0.8) | 36.7 | (0.7) | 29.3 | (0.8) | 7.1 | (0.6) |
| Canada | 3.4 | (0.3) | 15.0 | (0.7) | 32.0 | (0.8) | 33.8 | (0.9) | 15.7 | (0.7) |
| Chile | 8.4 | (0.7) | 33.9 | (1.2) | 40.5 | (1.0) | 16.0 | (1.0) | 1.2 | (0.2) |
| Czech Republic | 4.6 | (0.5) | 21.6 | (0.8) | 39.6 | (1.0) | 28.8 | (1.0) | 5.4 | (0.4) |
| Denmark | 2.7 | (0.3) | 16.3 | (0.8) | 38.8 | (0.9) | 33.4 | (0.9) | 8.9 | (0.7) |
| Estonia | 1.8 | (0.3) | 13.5 | (0.7) | 35.4 | (1.1) | 37.2 | (1.0) | 12.2 | (0.8) |
| Finland | 3.4 | (0.4) | 14.7 | (0.8) | 32.2 | (1.0) | 35.2 | (1.0) | 14.4 | (0.8) |
| France | 7.0 | (0.5) | 22.6 | (0.7) | 36.2 | (0.9) | 27.6 | (1.0) | 6.6 | (0.5) |
| Germany | 3.6 | (0.4) | 16.9 | (0.8) | 34.3 | (0.9) | 32.4 | (0.8) | 12.7 | (0.7) |
| Greece | 10.4 | (1.0) | 31.6 | (1.2) | 37.9 | (1.1) | 18.1 | (1.0) | 2.0 | (0.3) |
| Hungary | 8.7 | (0.6) | 28.6 | (1.0) | 37.4 | (0.9) | 22.0 | (0.9) | 3.3 | (0.4) |
| Iceland | 4.6 | (0.5) | 22.5 | (1.0) | 38.1 | (1.2) | 28.2 | (1.0) | 6.5 | (0.6) |
| Israel | 11.5 | (0.9) | 30.2 | (1.1) | 30.7 | (1.2) | 22.1 | (1.0) | 5.4 | (0.5) |
| Italy | 7.8 | (0.6) | 26.9 | (1.0) | 38.5 | (1.0) | 22.6 | (0.9) | 4.2 | (0.5) |
| Japan | 1.2 | (0.2) | 8.9 | (0.7) | 31.4 | (1.0) | 44.4 | (1.1) | 14.0 | (0.8) |
| Korea | 1.5 | (0.3) | 11.4 | (0.7) | 35.1 | (0.9) | 41.6 | (1.0) | 10.4 | (0.8) |
| Latvia | 5.6 | (0.5) | 25.4 | (0.9) | 41.3 | (0.9) | 23.8 | (1.0) | 3.9 | (0.5) |
| Luxembourg | 6.5 | (0.5) | 24.8 | (0.7) | 36.3 | (0.7) | 25.5 | (0.7) | 6.8 | (0.4) |
| Mexico | 12.2 | (0.9) | 41.2 | (1.4) | 37.4 | (1.2) | 8.8 | (0.6) | 0.4 | (0.1) |
| Netherlands | 3.4 | (0.4) | 18.6 | (0.9) | 35.7 | (0.9) | 32.3 | (1.0) | 10.0 | (0.7) |
| New Zealand | 3.8 | (0.4) | 15.9 | (0.7) | 31.3 | (0.9) | 33.2 | (1.0) | 15.8 | (0.9) |
| Norway | 4.4 | (0.5) | 21.0 | (0.8) | 39.5 | (1.1) | 28.3 | (1.0) | 6.8 | (0.6) |
| Portugal | 4.6 | (0.4) | 21.5 | (0.9) | 40.2 | (0.8) | 28.4 | (1.0) | 5.2 | (0.5) |
| Slovak Republic | 9.5 | (0.7) | 31.1 | (1.0) | 38.4 | (1.1) | 18.4 | (0.9) | 2.6 | (0.4) |
| Slovenia | 4.4 | (0.4) | 21.2 | (0.8) | 38.6 | (1.2) | 29.3 | (0.9) | 6.4 | (0.7) |
| Spain | 4.4 | (0.4) | 21.4 | (0.9) | 41.6 | (0.8) | 28.3 | (0.8) | 4.3 | (0.4) |
| Sweden | 4.5 | (0.5) | 20.1 | (1.0) | 35.9 | (1.1) | 30.3 | (1.1) | 9.1 | (0.9) |
| Turkey | 14.9 | (1.1) | 44.5 | (1.4) | 33.6 | (1.5) | 6.9 | (0.8) | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| United Kingdom | 4.2 | (0.4) | 18.3 | (0.8) | 34.6 | (0.8) | 30.9 | (0.9) | 12.0 | (0.7) |
| United States | 4.9 | (0.5) | 18.9 | (1.0) | 32.7 | (0.8) | 29.7 | (1.0) | 13.8 | (1.0) |
| England | 4.3 | (0.5) | 17.8 | (1.0) | 34.0 | (0.9) | 31.0 | (1.0) | 12.9 | (0.9) |
| Northern Ireland | 2.6 | (0.5) | 18.5 | (1.4) | 39.1 | (1.6) | 32.8 | (1.4) | 7.0 | (0.8) |
| Scotland | 4.2 | (0.5) | 19.6 | (0.8) | 35.1 | (1.0) | 31.2 | (1.0) | 9.8 | (0.7) |
| Wales | 3.9 | (0.5) | 23.0 | (1.3) | 41.0 | (1.3) | 27.2 | (1.5) | 4.9 | (0.5) |
| OECD average | 5.7 | (0.1) | 22.4 | (0.2) | 36.2 | (0.2) | 27.8 | (0.2) | 7.9 | (0.1) |
Table A.3: Relationship between student performance in collaborative problem solving and the PISA Index of Economic, Social and Cultural Status ( ESCS) and immigration background: OECD and UK administrations
| Slope of socio-economic gradient 1 | Strength of relationship between performance and ESCS 2 | Differences in collaborative problem solving performance by immigration background 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | s.e. | Score points | s.e | Score points | s.e. | |
| Australia | 35 | (1.9) | 6.7 | (0.8) | 0 | (3.7) |
| Austria | 35 | (2.1) | 9.0 | (1.1) | 52 | (6.0) |
| Belgium | 39 | (2.0) | 12.8 | (1.2) | 57 | (4.9) |
| Canada | 29 | (1.7) | 5.3 | (0.6) | 3 | (3.8) |
| Chile | 26 | (1.5) | 11.3 | (1.3) | 23 | (13.2) |
| Czech Republic | 38 | (2.6) | 11.2 | (1.4) | 11 | (10.7) |
| Denmark | 25 | (2.0) | 6.0 | (0.9) | 61 | (4.3) |
| Estonia | 26 | (2.1) | 5.0 | (0.8) | 49 | (5.0) |
| Finland | 33 | (2.7) | 5.8 | (0.9) | 81 | (9.8) |
| France | 44 | (2.1) | 12.3 | (1.1) | 51 | (6.9) |
| Germany | 29 | (2.0) | 7.6 | (1.0) | 49 | (6.2) |
| Greece | 28 | (2.0) | 8.3 | (1.1) | 40 | (5.9) |
| Hungary | 40 | (1.9) | 15.9 | (1.3) | -12 | (11.5) |
| Iceland | 17 | (2.9) | 1.7 | (0.6) | 54 | (9.7) |
| Israel | 38 | (2.9) | 9.4 | (1.4) | 4 | (7.1) |
| Italy | 26 | (1.9) | 6.7 | (1.0) | 13 | (4.9) |
| Japan | 27 | (2.0) | 5.2 | (0.7) | 121 | (37.6) |
| Korea | 28 | (2.6) | 5.1 | (1.0) | * | * |
| Latvia | 23 | (2.1) | 5.6 | (0.9) | 15 | (7.4) |
| Luxembourg | 30 | (1.4) | 11.3 | (0.9) | 25 | (2.9) |
| Mexico | 22 | (1.4) | 11.1 | (1.4) | 63 | (12.2) |
| Netherlands | 33 | (2.7) | 6.6 | (1.1) | 40 | (7.1) |
| New Zealand | 37 | (3.2) | 7.4 | (1.2) | 10 | (5.3) |
| Norway | 25 | (2.1) | 3.8 | (0.6) | 48 | (5.7) |
| Portugal | 23 | (1.7) | 8.8 | (1.3) | 20 | (6.2) |
| Slovak Republic | 30 | (2.1) | 9.7 | (1.2) | 68 | (14.8) |
| Slovenia | 32 | (2.1) | 8.0 | (1.0) | 50 | (6.7) |
| Spain | 20 | (1.3) | 7.0 | (0.9) | 29 | (6.0) |
| Sweden | 33 | (2.5) | 7.7 | (1.1) | 59 | (6.3) |
| Turkey | 19 | (2.0) | 7.9 | (1.7) | -11 | (15.4) |
| United Kingdom | 30 | (2.2) | 6.3 | (0.9) | 13 | (6.6) |
| United States | 29 | (2.1) | 7.5 | (1.0) | 20 | (6.0) |
| England | 31 | (2.6) | 6.5 | (1.0) | 15 | (7.3) |
| NI | 31 | (2.9) | 9.1 | (1.6) | 32 | (7.0) |
| Scotland | 28 | (2.7) | 5.6 | (1.0) | -4 | (9.3) |
| Wales | 19 | (2.3) | 3.2 | (0.8) | -2 | (9.3) |
| OECD average | 30 | (0.4) | 7.9 | (0.2) | 36 | (1.9) |
Notes
1: The amount that the average score changes with social background – a lower score implies less change as background changes.
2: The amount of variation in score explained by social background.
3: The mean score for non-immigrant-background pupils (with both parents born in the country of the test) minus the score for immigrant-background pupils. A negative figure implies that immigrant-background pupils score better.
* denotes that data is not available
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